The 2015 WHO survey of the quality of medicines identified by the United Nations Commission showed a 64.0% failure of oxytocin samples when tested against pharmacopeial specifications, including appearance, identification, assay, related substances, pH measurement, and extractable volume. The most common reason for failure was an insufficient amount of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). ![]() conducted a systematic review on the quality of oxytocin in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), synthesizing studies that contained results of quality tests of 559 samples of oxytocin. In 2014, an unpublished study carried out in ten regional zones in Ghana showed similar results. ![]() In addition, 39 of 40 samples (97.5%) that were tested also failed the test for sterility. The research team found that 55.6% of the 169 oxytocin samples analyzed were found to contain less active pharmaceutical ingredient than label claim. Agency for International Development (USAID) and implemented by United States Pharmacopeia (USP)-conducted a study in Ghana in collaboration with the Ghanaian Food and Drug Authority. In 2013, the Promoting the Quality of Medicines (PQM) program-funded by the U.S. Most countries require that oxytocin injection be administered by trained health care workers, so women delivering at home or with a traditional birth attendant may not have access to oxytocin. Yet challenges in health sector infrastructure and health service delivery can create barriers to oxytocin use. Oxytocin is widely available in low income countries and is fairly inexpensive. It is currently on the WHO Essential Medicines List and the United Nations Commission on Life-Saving Commodities list of 13 critical commodities. WHO recognizes injectable oxytocin as the safest and most effective medicine central to the prevention and treatment of PPH. Anemia during pregnancy has been associated with PPH. It is usually caused by excessive bleeding due to lack of efficient uterine contraction (uterine atony), vaginal or cervical tears, or tears of the genital system. PPH may be defined as a vaginal loss of blood ≥500 mL immediately after labor or within 24 h after birth. Postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) is a leading cause of maternal morbidity and mortality and accounted for 27.1% of maternal mortality. reported that, between 20, direct causes were responsible for nearly 72.5% of maternal deaths while indirect causes were responsible for 27.5% of maternal deaths. Therefore, there is increased interest in finding alternative ways to make low-cost treatments available to improve women’s health in these low-resource countries. This makes them more vulnerable to complications related to childbirth. Ten countries accounted for nearly 59% of global maternal deaths: in addition to Nigeria and India, they are the Democratic Republic of Congo (22,000), Ethiopia (11,000), Pakistan (9700), Tanzania (8200), Kenya (8000), Indonesia (6400), Uganda (5700), and Bangladesh (5500).Ī high percentage of women in these regions deliver at home or outside a health facility without access to obstetric care or a skilled birth attendant. ![]() In 2015, two countries, Nigeria and India, accounted for more than one-third of all global maternal deaths, with approximately 58,000 maternal deaths (19%) in Nigeria and 45,000 maternal deaths (15%) in India. ![]() The global distribution of maternal deaths is influenced by two regions, sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia, which account for the majority of all maternal deaths. According to a World Health Organization (WHO) 2015 report, approximately 830 women die every day from preventable causes related to pregnancy and childbirth and 99% of these deaths occur in low-resource countries. Complications due to pregnancy are among the leading causes of maternal deaths worldwide.
0 Comments
Leave a Reply. |
AuthorWrite something about yourself. No need to be fancy, just an overview. ArchivesCategories |